What kinds of linear regulators such as LDOs exist?

There are series regulators (LDO, 3-terminal regulators, etc.) and shunt regulators. They can generate local power supply with smaller external parts count, low noise and high precision. But loss is large (poor efficiency). And only buck type is possible. Shunt regulators offer extremely poor efficiency, and thus they have tended not to be used in recent years.

Classification map of regulators
Series regulator
Series regulator
Shunt regulator
Shunt regulator
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