Is it possible to use a photocoupler in such a way that for items such as the LED current, output current, and output voltage, the value specified for the absolute maximum rating is exceeded for a short time?

The absolute maximum rating must never be exceeded; a state in which it is exceeded must be prevented. Note that in some products, for example, the absolute maximum rating is also specified for the input forward current (pulsed). In any case, the circuit must be designed to keep the properties below their absolute maximum ratings at the same time.

Example: Case of transistor-output photocoupler TLP185 (SE

Note 1: Pulse width ≦ 100　μs, f=100Hz