Why are TVS diodes (ESD protection diodes) needed?

It is necessary to protect the circuits of electronic devices from transient high voltages such as electrostatic discharge (ESD).

Diagram showing increased ESD risks due to semiconductor downscaling and external connections

Semiconductors used in electronic devices have high performance and high density, and the manufacturing process is refined to downscale them. Downscaling tends to reduce device resistance to ESD. In addition, device connections are increasingly made externally via USB and similar interfaces as well as board-to-board connectors, increasing the risk of ESD during connection.

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