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The information presented in this cross reference is based on TOSHIBA's selection criteria and should be treated as a suggestion only. Please carefully review the latest versions of all relevant information on the TOSHIBA products, including without limitation data sheets and validate all operating parameters of the TOSHIBA products to ensure that the suggested TOSHIBA products are truly compatible with your design and application.
Please note that this cross reference is based on TOSHIBA's estimate of compatibility with other manufacturers' products, based on other manufacturers' published data, at the time the data was collected.
TOSHIBA is not responsible for any incorrect or incomplete information. Information is subject to change at any time without notice.
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The power supply units of PCs and other devices incorporate multiple DC power supplies. A power supply line provided by a power supply unit is referred to as a power rail. The entire range from the maximum voltage of a power line (VCC) to its minimum voltage (GND or minimum negative voltage, VEE) is referred to as rail-to-rail.
Op-amps having a common-mode input voltage range that almost covers the GND-VCC or VEE-to-VCC range are called rail-to-rail input op-amps (or full-swing op-amps).
The output stage may also be rail-to-rail. Op-amps with rail-to-rail input and output voltage ranges are called rail-to-rail input/output op-amps.
The differential input stage of most of the conventional op-amps is composed of P-channel MOSFETs. When the input voltage is close to VDD, op-amps with a differential input pair composed of P-channel MOSFETs do not provide a normal output, because a current source enters the linear region and gain is reduced.
Op-amps with a differential input pair composed of N-channel MOSFETs do not provide a normal output when the input voltage is close to GND.
Conversely, op-amps with a differential input pair composed of P-channel MOSFETs provide a normal output even when the input voltage is close to GND.
The input stage of rail-to-rail input op-amps, which consist of an N-channel differential MOSFET pair and a P-channel differential MOSFET pair connected in parallel, covers almost the entire voltage range from GND to VDD.
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