What is the difference between the overcurrent protection and the short-circuit protection of eFuse IC?

The short-circuit protection function prevents excessive current from flowing by stopping operation when the power supply line or load is short-circuited due to some kind of abnormality.
In TCKE800 / 805/812 series, if the output current is 1.6 times the current limit (ILIM) for a very short period of time, the output is judged to be short-circuited and this function operates.

On the other hand, overcurrent protection is a function that limits the current flowing through the eFuse IC by the overcurrent limit value (determined by ILIM).
For example, if you connect a large capacitive load to the VOUT pin, Overcurrent protection limits the large current below a certain level after power-on.